Know about Smart Solar Industry

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The term solar panel is used colloquially for a photovoltaic module (PV module).

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A PV module is an assembly of photovoltaic cells that are mounted in a frame for installation. Photovoltaic cells use sunlight as an energy source and generate direct current. A collection of PV modules is called a PV module, and a system of panels is an array. Arrangements of a photovoltaic system supply electrical devices with solar power.

The most common application of solar energy collection outside of agriculture is solar water heating systems.

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use crystalline silicon cells on a wafer basis or thin film cells. The structural (load-bearing) element of a module can be either the top layer or the back layer. The cells must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible modules based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are electrically connected in series, with one another to the desired voltage and then in parallel to increase the amperage. The power of the module is the mathematical product of the voltage and the current of the module. The manufacturing specifications for solar modules are obtained under standard conditions that do not correspond to the actual operating condition to which the solar modules are exposed on the installation site.

A PV junction box is attached to the rear of the solar panel and acts as an output interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors to allow easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. A USB power interface can also be used.

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The electrical connections of the module are connected in series in order to achieve a desired output voltage, or in parallel in order to provide a desired current capacity (amperes) of the solar panel or the PV system. The conductive wires that draw the current from the modules are dimensioned according to the current carrying capacity and can contain silver, copper or other non-magnetically conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes can be built-in in the case of partial module shading or used externally in order to maximize the performance of the module sections that are still illuminated.

Some special solar PV modules contain concentrators in which the light is focused on smaller cells through lenses or mirrors. This enables cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) to be used inexpensively.

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